Reshaping data

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

# Reshaping data
## spread, gather, and pivot
### Byron C. Jaeger
### Last updated: 2020-04-11

---

class: inverse, center, middle

# What is wide/long data?

---

## in a nutshell

---
class: inverse, center, middle

# How do we go from wide to long?

---
background-image: url(img/tidyr_spread_gather.png)
background-size: 65%
background-position: 95% 50%

## With tidyr!

An R package for

- reshaping
- tidying
- nesting
    
your data. <br/>

Part of the `tidyverse`

---
layout:true
background-image: url(img/tidyr.png)
background-size: 12.5%
background-position: 97% 3%
---

## History

At first, `tidyr` had functions called `spread` and `gather`

- The names were confusing,

- the argument names were hard to remember,

- the functions supported a limited set of transformations from wide to long, and vice versa.

In a later update, `pivot_wider` and `pivot_longer` were introduced as more intuitive and powerful versions of `spread` and `gather`.

I have found `pivot_wider` and `pivot_longer` to be easier to use than `spread` and `gather`, so I am only teaching the `pivot` functions. However, you are welcome to use `spread` and `gather` in your assignments.

---

## pivot to longer data

We'll start with the long covid-19 data:

```r
cv19
```

```
## # A tibble: 2,161 x 4
##    date       state      cases deaths
##    <date>     <chr>      <dbl>  <dbl>
##  1 2020-01-21 Washington     1      0
##  2 2020-01-22 Washington     1      0
##  3 2020-01-23 Washington     1      0
##  4 2020-01-24 Illinois       1      0
##  5 2020-01-24 Washington     1      0
##  6 2020-01-25 California     1      0
##  7 2020-01-25 Illinois       1      0
##  8 2020-01-25 Washington     1      0
##  9 2020-01-26 Arizona        1      0
## 10 2020-01-26 California     2      0
## # ... with 2,151 more rows
```

---

## pivot to longer data

Then pivot to a longer form with

- cases and death values in the `value` column

- cases and death indicators in the `name` column.

```r
cv19_long <- cv19 %>% 
* pivot_longer(cols = c(cases, deaths))
  
cv19_long[1:5, ]
```

```
## # A tibble: 5 x 4
##   date       state      name   value
##   <date>     <chr>      <chr>  <dbl>
## 1 2020-01-21 Washington cases      1
## 2 2020-01-21 Washington deaths     0
## 3 2020-01-22 Washington cases      1
## 4 2020-01-22 Washington deaths     0
## 5 2020-01-23 Washington cases      1
```

---

## How is this helpful?

Longer data are ideal for `ggplot`

```r
ggplot(cv19_long, aes(x=date, y = value)) + 
  geom_line(aes(group = state)) + 
  facet_wrap(~ name, scales = 'free')
```

![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png)

---

## Pivot to wider data

We'll start with the `nhanes_long` data

```r
nhanes_long
```

```
## # A tibble: 30 x 4
## # Groups:   exam, sex [6]
##    exam  sex    race_ethnicity     bp_sys_mmhg
##    <fct> <fct>  <fct>                    <dbl>
##  1 2013  Female Non-Hispanic White        121.
##  2 2013  Female Non-Hispanic Black        125.
##  3 2013  Female Non-Hispanic Asian        118.
##  4 2013  Female Hispanic                  119.
##  5 2013  Female Other race                119.
##  6 2013  Male   Non-Hispanic White        123.
##  7 2013  Male   Non-Hispanic Black        129.
##  8 2013  Male   Non-Hispanic Asian        123.
##  9 2013  Male   Hispanic                  124.
## 10 2013  Male   Other race                123.
## # ... with 20 more rows
```

---

## Pivot to wider data

Then give the systolic BP values a column for each exam

```r
nhanes_wide <- nhanes_long %>% 
* pivot_wider(values_from = bp_sys_mmhg,
*   names_from = exam, names_prefix = 'exam_')

nhanes_wide
```

```
## # A tibble: 10 x 5
## # Groups:   sex [2]
##    sex    race_ethnicity     exam_2013 exam_2015 exam_2017
##    <fct>  <fct>                  <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
##  1 Female Non-Hispanic White      121.      124.      125.
##  2 Female Non-Hispanic Black      125.      126.      131.
##  3 Female Non-Hispanic Asian      118.      119.      123.
##  4 Female Hispanic                119.      123.      123.
##  5 Female Other race              119.      122.      123.
##  6 Male   Non-Hispanic White      123.      126.      127.
##  7 Male   Non-Hispanic Black      129.      131.      132.
##  8 Male   Non-Hispanic Asian      123.      123.      124.
##  9 Male   Hispanic                124.      127.      126.
## 10 Male   Other race              123.      125.      126.
```

---

## How is this helpful?

Wider data are ideal for `gt`.

```r
year_cols <- paste("exam", c('2013', '2015','2017'), sep = '_')
# looks like these data are not wide enough!
gt(nhanes_wide) %>% 
  fmt_number(columns = year_cols, decimals = 1) %>% 
  cols_align(columns = 'race_ethnicity', align = 'left')
```

#giagafpold .gt_table {
  display: table;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 16px;
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}

#giagafpold .gt_title {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 125%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 4px;
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}

#giagafpold .gt_subtitle {
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}

#giagafpold .gt_bottom_border {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
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}

#giagafpold .gt_col_headings {
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  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#giagafpold .gt_col_heading {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#giagafpold .gt_column_spanner_outer {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
}

#giagafpold .gt_column_spanner_outer:first-child {
  padding-left: 0;
}

#giagafpold .gt_column_spanner_outer:last-child {
  padding-right: 0;
}

#giagafpold .gt_column_spanner {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 100%;
}

#giagafpold .gt_group_heading {
  padding: 8px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#giagafpold .gt_empty_group_heading {
  padding: 0.5px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#giagafpold .gt_striped {
  background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.05);
}

#giagafpold .gt_from_md > :first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

#giagafpold .gt_from_md > :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

#giagafpold .gt_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  margin: 10px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 1px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#giagafpold .gt_stub {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-right-style: solid;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  padding-left: 12px;
}

#giagafpold .gt_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#giagafpold .gt_first_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#giagafpold .gt_grand_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#giagafpold .gt_first_grand_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: double;
  border-top-width: 6px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#giagafpold .gt_table_body {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#giagafpold .gt_footnotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#giagafpold .gt_footnote {
  margin: 0px;
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#giagafpold .gt_sourcenotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#giagafpold .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#giagafpold .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
}

#giagafpold .gt_center {
  text-align: center;
}

#giagafpold .gt_right {
  text-align: right;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

#giagafpold .gt_font_normal {
  font-weight: normal;
}

#giagafpold .gt_font_bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}

#giagafpold .gt_font_italic {
  font-style: italic;
}

#giagafpold .gt_super {
  font-size: 65%;
}

#giagafpold .gt_footnote_marks {
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 65%;
}
</style>
<div id="giagafpold" style="overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;"><table class="gt_table">
  
  <thead class="gt_col_headings">
    <tr>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">race_ethnicity</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">exam_2013</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">exam_2015</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">exam_2017</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr class="gt_group_heading_row">
      <td colspan="4" class="gt_group_heading">Female</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left">Non-Hispanic White</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">121.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.6</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.6</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left">Non-Hispanic Black</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">131.3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left">Non-Hispanic Asian</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">118.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">119.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.5</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left">Hispanic</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">119.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.9</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left">Other race</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">118.8</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">121.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.6</td>
    </tr>
    <tr class="gt_group_heading_row">
      <td colspan="4" class="gt_group_heading">Male</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left">Non-Hispanic White</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.9</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">127.0</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left">Non-Hispanic Black</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">128.5</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">130.5</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">131.6</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left">Non-Hispanic Asian</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left">Hispanic</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.0</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left">Other race</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.7</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table></div>

---

## More wider

What if we need to draw names from two columns?

```r
nhanes_wider <- nhanes_long %>% 
  pivot_wider(names_from = c(sex, exam), values_from = bp_sys_mmhg)

nhanes_wider
```

```
## # A tibble: 5 x 7
##   race_ethnicity   Female_2013 Male_2013 Female_2015 Male_2015 Female_2017 Male_2017
##   <fct>                  <dbl>     <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1 Non-Hispanic Wh~        121.      123.        124.      126.        125.      127.
## 2 Non-Hispanic Bl~        125.      129.        126.      131.        131.      132.
## 3 Non-Hispanic As~        118.      123.        119.      123.        123.      124.
## 4 Hispanic                119.      124.        123.      127.        123.      126.
## 5 Other race              119.      123.        122.      125.        123.      126.
```

---

## More wider

I need to re-order the columns for `gt`

```r
nhanes_wider <- nhanes_wider %>% 
  select(
    race_ethnicity, 
    starts_with("Female"), 
    starts_with("Male")
  )

nhanes_wider 
```

```
## # A tibble: 5 x 7
##   race_ethnicity   Female_2013 Female_2015 Female_2017 Male_2013 Male_2015 Male_2017
##   <fct>                  <dbl>       <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>     <dbl>
## 1 Non-Hispanic Wh~        121.        124.        125.      123.      126.      127.
## 2 Non-Hispanic Bl~        125.        126.        131.      129.      131.      132.
## 3 Non-Hispanic As~        118.        119.        123.      123.      123.      124.
## 4 Hispanic                119.        123.        123.      124.      127.      126.
## 5 Other race              119.        122.        123.      123.      125.      126.
```

---

## More wider

Often you need to access groups of columns in `gt` tables.

- I recommend doing this with a character vector:

```r
cols <- expand.grid(c('Female', 'Male'), c('2013', '2015', '2017')) %>% 
  glue::glue_data("{Var1}_{Var2}") %>% 
  as.character()

cols[1:3]
```

```
## [1] "Female_2013" "Male_2013"   "Female_2015"
```

```r
cols[4:6]
```

```
## [1] "Male_2015"   "Female_2017" "Male_2017"
```

---

## Wider data, cleaner table?

Oh no, is this too wide??

```r
*gt(nhanes_wider, rowname_col = 'race_ethnicity')
```

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_table {
  display: table;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 16px;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  width: auto;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_heading {
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-align: center;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_title {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 125%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-width: 0;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_subtitle {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 85%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  border-top-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-top-width: 0;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_bottom_border {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_col_headings {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_col_heading {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_column_spanner_outer {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_column_spanner_outer:first-child {
  padding-left: 0;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_column_spanner_outer:last-child {
  padding-right: 0;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_column_spanner {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 100%;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_group_heading {
  padding: 8px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_empty_group_heading {
  padding: 0.5px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_striped {
  background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.05);
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_from_md > :first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_from_md > :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  margin: 10px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 1px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_stub {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-right-style: solid;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  padding-left: 12px;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_first_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_grand_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_first_grand_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: double;
  border-top-width: 6px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_table_body {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_footnotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_footnote {
  margin: 0px;
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_sourcenotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_center {
  text-align: center;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_right {
  text-align: right;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_font_normal {
  font-weight: normal;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_font_bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_font_italic {
  font-style: italic;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_super {
  font-size: 65%;
}

#kkfjuvbrub .gt_footnote_marks {
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 65%;
}
</style>
<div id="kkfjuvbrub" style="overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;"><table class="gt_table">
  
  <thead class="gt_col_headings">
    <tr>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female_2013</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female_2015</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female_2017</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male_2013</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male_2015</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male_2017</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic White</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">121.1983</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.5570</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.5606</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.4038</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.9283</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.9904</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic Black</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.2148</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.3657</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">131.2813</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">128.5331</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">130.5202</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">131.5769</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic Asian</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">118.0030</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">119.1709</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.4821</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.7009</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.7175</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.4053</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Hispanic</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">119.4327</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.1708</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.9338</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.2335</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.6675</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.0108</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Other race</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">118.7540</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">121.6912</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.5813</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.0392</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.0150</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.7456</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table></div>

---

## Wider data, cleaner table?

- reducing the length numbers helps, but

- also need to reduce the redundant column names

```r
gt(nhanes_wider, rowname_col = 'race_ethnicity') %>% 
* fmt_number(columns = cols, decimals = 1) %>%
```

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_table {
  display: table;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 16px;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  width: auto;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_heading {
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-align: center;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_title {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 125%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-width: 0;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_subtitle {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 85%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  border-top-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-top-width: 0;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_bottom_border {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_col_headings {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_col_heading {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_column_spanner_outer {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_column_spanner_outer:first-child {
  padding-left: 0;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_column_spanner_outer:last-child {
  padding-right: 0;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_column_spanner {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 100%;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_group_heading {
  padding: 8px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_empty_group_heading {
  padding: 0.5px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_striped {
  background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.05);
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_from_md > :first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_from_md > :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  margin: 10px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 1px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_stub {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-right-style: solid;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  padding-left: 12px;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_first_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_grand_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_first_grand_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: double;
  border-top-width: 6px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_table_body {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_footnotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_footnote {
  margin: 0px;
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_sourcenotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_center {
  text-align: center;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_right {
  text-align: right;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_font_normal {
  font-weight: normal;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_font_bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_font_italic {
  font-style: italic;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_super {
  font-size: 65%;
}

#fhalsrjcdf .gt_footnote_marks {
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 65%;
}
</style>
<div id="fhalsrjcdf" style="overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;"><table class="gt_table">
  
  <thead class="gt_col_headings">
    <tr>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female_2013</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female_2015</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female_2017</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male_2013</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male_2015</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male_2017</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic White</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">121.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.6</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.6</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.9</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">127.0</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic Black</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">131.3</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">128.5</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">130.5</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">131.6</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic Asian</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">118.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">119.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.5</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Hispanic</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">119.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.9</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.0</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Other race</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">118.8</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">121.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.6</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.7</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table></div>

---

## Wider data, cleaner table!

Convert column names into spanner labels!

(this is why I needed to re-order my column names)

```r
gt(nhanes_wider, rowname_col = 'race_ethnicity') %>% 
  fmt_number(columns = cols, decimals = 1) %>% 
* tab_spanner_delim(columns = cols, delim = '_')
```

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_table {
  display: table;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 16px;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  width: auto;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_heading {
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-align: center;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_title {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 125%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-width: 0;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_subtitle {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 85%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  border-top-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-top-width: 0;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_bottom_border {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_col_headings {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_col_heading {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_column_spanner_outer {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_column_spanner_outer:first-child {
  padding-left: 0;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_column_spanner_outer:last-child {
  padding-right: 0;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_column_spanner {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 100%;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_group_heading {
  padding: 8px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_empty_group_heading {
  padding: 0.5px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_striped {
  background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.05);
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_from_md > :first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_from_md > :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  margin: 10px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 1px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_stub {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-right-style: solid;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  padding-left: 12px;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_first_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_grand_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_first_grand_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: double;
  border-top-width: 6px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_table_body {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_footnotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_footnote {
  margin: 0px;
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_sourcenotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_center {
  text-align: center;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_right {
  text-align: right;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_font_normal {
  font-weight: normal;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_font_bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_font_italic {
  font-style: italic;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_super {
  font-size: 65%;
}

#mgpscmhyrq .gt_footnote_marks {
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 65%;
}
</style>
<div id="mgpscmhyrq" style="overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;"><table class="gt_table">
  
  <thead class="gt_col_headings">
    <tr>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"></th>
      <th class="gt_center gt_columns_top_border gt_column_spanner_outer" rowspan="1" colspan="3">
        <span class="gt_column_spanner">Female</span>
      </th>
      <th class="gt_center gt_columns_top_border gt_column_spanner_outer" rowspan="1" colspan="3">
        <span class="gt_column_spanner">Male</span>
      </th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic White</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">121.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.6</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.6</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.9</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">127.0</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic Black</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">131.3</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">128.5</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">130.5</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">131.6</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic Asian</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">118.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">119.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.5</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Hispanic</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">119.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.9</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.0</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Other race</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">118.8</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">121.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.6</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.7</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table></div>

---

## Aside

Always remember to label the stub:

```r
gt(nhanes_wider, rowname_col = 'race_ethnicity') %>% 
  fmt_number(columns = cols, decimals = 1) %>% 
  tab_spanner_delim(columns = cols, delim = '_') %>% 
* tab_stubhead("Race")
```

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_table {
  display: table;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 16px;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  width: auto;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_heading {
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-align: center;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_title {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 125%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-width: 0;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_subtitle {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 85%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  border-top-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-top-width: 0;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_bottom_border {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_col_headings {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_col_heading {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_column_spanner_outer {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_column_spanner_outer:first-child {
  padding-left: 0;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_column_spanner_outer:last-child {
  padding-right: 0;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_column_spanner {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 100%;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_group_heading {
  padding: 8px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_empty_group_heading {
  padding: 0.5px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_striped {
  background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.05);
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_from_md > :first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_from_md > :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  margin: 10px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 1px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_stub {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-right-style: solid;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  padding-left: 12px;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_first_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_grand_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_first_grand_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: double;
  border-top-width: 6px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_table_body {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_footnotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_footnote {
  margin: 0px;
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_sourcenotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_center {
  text-align: center;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_right {
  text-align: right;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_font_normal {
  font-weight: normal;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_font_bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_font_italic {
  font-style: italic;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_super {
  font-size: 65%;
}

#gjlbtsapsp .gt_footnote_marks {
  font-style: italic;
  font-size: 65%;
}
</style>
<div id="gjlbtsapsp" style="overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;"><table class="gt_table">
  
  <thead class="gt_col_headings">
    <tr>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Race</th>
      <th class="gt_center gt_columns_top_border gt_column_spanner_outer" rowspan="1" colspan="3">
        <span class="gt_column_spanner">Female</span>
      </th>
      <th class="gt_center gt_columns_top_border gt_column_spanner_outer" rowspan="1" colspan="3">
        <span class="gt_column_spanner">Male</span>
      </th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic White</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">121.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.6</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.6</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.9</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">127.0</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic Black</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">131.3</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">128.5</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">130.5</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">131.6</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Non-Hispanic Asian</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">118.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">119.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.5</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Hispanic</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">119.4</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.9</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">124.2</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">126.0</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td class="gt_row gt_left gt_stub">Other race</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">118.8</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">121.7</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">122.6</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">123.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.0</td>
      <td class="gt_row gt_right">125.7</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table></div>

---

## Pivot longer with 2+ names

Columns are named `[sex value]_[exam value]`

- so tell `pivot_longer` that `names_sep = "_"`

```r
pivot_longer(nhanes_wider, cols = -race_ethnicity, 
    names_to = c('sex', 'exam'), names_sep = '_')
```

```
## # A tibble: 30 x 4
##    race_ethnicity     sex    exam  value
##    <fct>              <chr>  <chr> <dbl>
##  1 Non-Hispanic White Female 2013   121.
##  2 Non-Hispanic White Female 2015   124.
##  3 Non-Hispanic White Female 2017   125.
##  4 Non-Hispanic White Male   2013   123.
##  5 Non-Hispanic White Male   2015   126.
##  6 Non-Hispanic White Male   2017   127.
##  7 Non-Hispanic Black Female 2013   125.
##  8 Non-Hispanic Black Female 2015   126.
##  9 Non-Hispanic Black Female 2017   131.
## 10 Non-Hispanic Black Male   2013   129.
## # ... with 20 more rows
```

---

## Learning more

To learn more, see

- This [vignette](https://tidyr.tidyverse.org/articles/pivot.html#introduction) dedicated to the `pivot_wider` and `pivot_longer` functions.